What was distinctive about the end of Europe's African and Asian empires compared to other cases of imperial disintegration?
It was distinctive because "never before had an empire been so associated with the mobilization of masses around a nationalist ideology" (p.692). Additionally the new nations claimed status that was equivalent to that of their former rulers. African and Asians wanted political independence but also the bases of their cultures in mind. Furthermore, the European colonies threw off British, French, Spanish and Portuguese rule during the late eighteenth century.
What was the role of Gandhi in India's struggle for independence?
Ghandi quickly rose within the leadership ranks of the INC. He applied his approach in periodic mass campaigns that drew a widespread of Indians. He had a simple lifestyle. He rejected modern industrialization. He did not call for social revolution but moral transformation. He wanted to see India as "...self-sufficent villages drawing on ancient Indian principles of duty and morality" (p.698).
What conflicts and differences divided India's nationalist movement?
The country was divided by Muslims and Hindus. All-India Muslim League contradicted the congress party's claim to speak for all Indians. Muslims were afraid they would not be heard due to the large Hindu population. The leader of the Muslim League argued that the Muslim minority should have a separate political status.
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